Frequently asked questions (FAQ)

Would you like to find out more about X-ray technology, inspection systems or the special solutions from IMS? In our FAQ section you will find concise answers to the most frequently asked questions – from the basics of X-rays to specific applications and integration options in your production. Whether technical details, safety aspects or economic considerations: Our answers will give you an initial overview and help you to better categorise the right solution for you.

And if you can’t find what you’re looking for here: Our team is just a click away – we look forward to talking to you.

Company information

Currently, IMS X-ray systems GmbH products are used in the following areas:

  • Troubleshooting in electronics, identifying foreign objects or shortages in packaged products, and detecting manufacturing deviations in food or plastic pipe production.
  • Quality control and monitoring, inspection in production, or non-destructive testing, such as weld seams.
  • Security areas for quick inspection of closed luggage, packages, or mail.
  • Research, for example, using microfocus technology, a form of “X-ray microscopy”.

The application possibilities are almost limitless.

IMS offers comprehensive production and development expertise. This includes the in-house development of all core components (such as X-ray generators, X-ray line detectors) of an inspection system, as well as the creation of necessary software and development of required algorithms, mechanical engineering, and electrical project planning. There are situations where inspection systems complement each other. IMS offers customized solutions for this. For example, our optical inspection systems reliably detect the positions of labels, stickers, or color deviations. Your advantage: everything from a single source – with the highest security.

All IMS products have one origin: to fully meet the requirements and needs of our customers. At IMS X-ray systems GmbH, we develop durable and high-quality solutions with our expertise. Our goal is to support you in optimizing your products and sustainably reducing your costs.

Comprehensive information can be found on this homepage. If you want detailed information on a specific topic or want to exchange ideas in dialogue, please use the contact forms on this page. We are happy to advise you.

X-Ray

X-ray radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is more energetic compared to visible light and has correspondingly shorter wavelengths. It was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. X-rays can penetrate various materials, including human tissue, making them particularly useful in medicine, research, and industrial applications.

X-ray radiation can be industrially generated in an X-ray tube by shooting high-energy electrons at a material, usually a metal like tungsten. This process is explained in several steps:

  • Electron source: In the X-ray tube, there is a cathode from which electrons are thermally released by heating with current flow.
  • Acceleration: The released electrons are accelerated by a high electric voltage between the cathode and anode (the target material). This voltage can reach tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of volts.
  • Collision: The accelerated electrons hit the anode, typically made of tungsten. In this collision, part of the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted into X-ray radiation.
  • Emission: The X-ray radiation generated exits through an exit window, usually made of beryllium, from the X-ray tube and can be used for imaging, industrial measurement, or analysis.

This process allows X-ray images to be created in a short time. These can be used for various industrial applications, such as non-contact thickness measurement, weld seam inspection, or various target-actual comparisons of packaged products for quality assurance.

X-ray radiation can be shielded by various materials to reduce exposure to this radiation. The choice of shielding depends on the application, the safety requirements of the X-ray system, and significantly on the energy of the used X-ray radiation. Common materials used for shielding X-ray radiation include:

  • Lead: Lead is a very efficient material for shielding X-ray radiation. It is often used in the form of lead walls, lead aprons, or lead glass to protect the area around X-ray devices. In industrial full protection or basic protection devices, it is often used within the system enclosure.
  • Concrete: Thick walls of concrete can also shield X-ray radiation. In many X-ray rooms, walls made of special baryte concrete are built to ensure that the radiation does not escape.
  • Steel: Steel can also be used to shield X-ray radiation, but it generally weakens the radiation less than lead. In some applications, a combination of steel and lead is used; in low-energy X-ray applications, steel alone can be used as a shielding material.


The selection of suitable materials and the dimensioning of material thicknesses and distances is an integral part of the development of an X-ray system.

An X-ray device or X-ray component is a technical device used to generate X-rays. Typically, these include X-ray tubes, X-ray generators, and control modules or control computers. These devices alone cannot generate X-ray radiation.

An X-ray system is an arrangement of technical devices required to generate X-rays. It typically consists of an X-ray tube, an X-ray generator, and a control module or control computer. These X-ray systems are used in various fields such as medicine, industry, and security to use X-ray radiation for imaging internal structures.

An X-ray inspection system is a comprehensive unit consisting of several components, including X-ray devices, detectors, control software, and other supporting modules. A digital X-ray inspection system is characterized by not only creating X-ray images but also processing and evaluating the image data. These systems are often more complex and offer advanced functions such as automated error detection and integration into industrial processes.

X-ray devices work by generating and detecting X-ray radiation to create images of the interior of a test object. Here are the basic steps of how X-ray devices work:

  • Generation of X-ray radiation: Please refer to the answers to question 6 “How is X-ray radiation generated.”
  • Penetration of a test object/product: X-rays penetrate the product and are weakened differently by various materials. Metals, which have high density and atomic number, weaken X-rays more than plastics, resulting in contrast in the image.
  • Detection of X-rays: On the opposite side of the test object is a detector that captures the X-rays that have passed through the test object. This can be a film, a digital detection system, or a fluorescent material. Digital detectors, which are now standard in many areas, convert the X-rays into a digital image that shows the internal structures of the test object.
  • Image processing: In digital X-ray devices, the image is electronically processed and displayed on a monitor. Such images are analyzed and stored in fractions of a second.
  • Safety: X-ray devices are equipped with various safety measures to minimize radiation exposure to people. These include shielding and the ability to control the radiation dose.

This process provides valuable information about the condition of a product or component. The data obtained forms a solid basis for taking appropriate measures in your production and quality assurance.

Industrial inspection systems from IMS generate images using optical and X-ray-based methods. The images obtained are used to examine materials and products for internal and external defects, foreign objects, or structural irregularities. Here is a detailed explanation of the process:

  • X-ray system – Imaging detection of radiation: Behind the test object is a detector (e.g., a digital flat panel detector or a line detector). The detector measures the radiation weakened by the object and converts it into a digital image. Darker areas in the image correspond to denser materials that absorb more radiation, while lighter areas indicate less absorbing materials.
  • Optical system – Image generation using a camera: High-resolution digital cameras continuously generate images of the test object. An opaque shield ensures that no external influences, such as sunlight or reflections, can distort the result.
  • Image processing and analysis: Specialized software processes the images in real-time and automatically detects defects or foreign objects. Algorithms can identify cracks, cavities, missing components, or contaminants and discolorations in food.
  • Automatic sorting and quality control: If a product is identified as defective, the system can communicate this result to a higher-level system and initiate response measures, such as automatic sorting. The inspection data can be used to optimize production processes.

Image resolution / system

X-ray technology enables the analysis of internal structures, defects, and foreign objects that are not visible to the naked eye or a simple optical camera. Depending on the material and interaction of the radiation with the test object, different properties can be determined and defects detected.

  • Foreign object detection in the food and pharmaceutical industries
    • Metal (e.g., iron, stainless steel, aluminum)
    • Glass
    • Stone (e.g., ceramics or minerals)
    • High-density plastic (e.g., PVC)
    • Bones in meat or fish products
    • Contaminants in tablets or powders
  • Quality inspection of materials & products in the electronics, automotive & aerospace industries
    • Solder joint quality on circuit boards (BGA, SMD components)
    • Cracks or breaks in microchips
    • Missing or misplaced components
    • Cracks or pores (cavities) in cast parts
    • Weld seam defects
    • Material fatigue or corrosion in components
    • General integrity inspection – e.g., detection of missing or defective components on circuit boards or in closed packages, counting products/individual parts
  • Structural and density inspection in materials science & research
    • Bone density (e.g., osteoporosis diagnosis)
    • Tumors or internal organ changes (e.g., in radiology)
    • Crystal structure analyses and phase content determination, e.g., microstructure analysis of steel using X-ray diffractometry
    • Surface density determination, e.g., in radiometric thickness measurement
    • Analysis of artworks or archaeological finds
  • Layer analysis and fill level control in the packaging industry
    • Fill level control of bottles or packages
    • Inspection for air inclusions

Inspection methods are extremely versatile. If you want to know more about a specific application, our experts are happy to assist you.

With increasing speed and/or more complex error patterns, the requirements for the inspection system also increase. Using higher-quality components or other configurations, these negative influences can be compensated. Depending on the application, technical solutions exist that allow the detection of foreign objects with dimensions of 50 µm at feed speeds of several meters per minute. Based on your requirements, we always recommend a configuration that offers the best cost-benefit ratio.

Depending on our customers’ needs, we use various options. In feasibility studies, we first determine the appropriate X-ray method and the associated hardware for your scanning task. Since we have control over all core components, such as X-ray generators, X-ray tubes, and X-ray detectors, there are no limits to optimization. We always keep an eye on cost-effectiveness: IMS relies on the use of low-energy X-ray radiation in combination with automated software detection to ensure precise and reliable results. Our systems are Industry 4.0 compatible and enable continuous analysis at full process speed.

Test object dimensions in the direction of penetration are highly dependent on the material or material composition. Objects made of materials with high density (and high atomic number) require a lower maximum test object thickness compared to those with low density (and low atomic number) in the penetration direction. It can be advantageous to select the minimum product dimensions as the penetration direction.
In the longitudinal direction (coaxial to the transport direction), there is practically no limitation – even continuously manufactured products are well suited for inspection.
The permissible width (transverse to the transport direction) of the products to be inspected is typically scalable by the geometric system design: Objects with dimensions ranging from a few mm to several hundred to thousand mm can be scanned.

From a technical point of view, the maximum possible detection/transport speed depends on the required image resolution, the material composition of the test object, and the application itself. Depending on the specifications, the usual transport speeds start at a few meters per minute (e.g., 1 m/min) and range up to several meters per second (e.g., 2m/s = 120m/min). As with the possible dimensions, economic considerations also come into play here. The larger the test object, the faster the transport, and the smaller possible foreign objects are, the more complex the procedure becomes, which is reflected in higher component costs.

The interfaces of our systems are tailored to your needs. The hardware interfaces required for automation (digital/analog inputs and outputs, potential-free contacts, etc.) are typically specified on an order-by-order basis. To access data platform-independently (e.g., process and product data) and provide data (e.g., inspection data), we rely on OPC UA as the standard.

IMSR offers modern machine learning methods with the software of its inspection systems. The training of detection or classification models is done in individual consultation with the customer. Threshold values, especially for error evaluation, can then be easily specified by the user.
Together with integration into existing systems, user interventions are no longer necessary. This variability, both in determination and evaluation of error patterns, enables comprehensive solutions that seamlessly integrate into your production.

Image resolution/system: IMS offers not only digital X-ray inspection systems but also digital optical inspection systems. The view into the test object and the inspection of surfaces each provide information that optimally complements each other.

  • X-ray systems enable the view into internal structures, showing defects, foreign objects, or changed material properties (e.g., density).
  • Optical systems detect color deviations, smudged prints, or small blemishes, such as dents or bumps.

By combining these systems, previously undetected errors can be reliably identified, or the false alarm rate of a system can be reduced.

Business Integration

We offer a wide range of X-ray inspection solutions for various industries and applications. Typical areas of application include:

  • Foreign object detection: Detection of unwanted objects in products, especially in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
  • Completeness checks: Ensuring that all components or contents are present in a product.
  • Inspection of heterogeneous products: Examination of products with variable density or composition for irregularities.
  • Incoming goods inspection: Checking incoming materials for quality and conformity with your specifications.
  • Fill level measurement: Determining the fill level in containers or packages.
  • Further examples can be found in the answers to questions 1 and 11.

Since each inspection task brings specific requirements, IMS offers customized solutions tailored to the individual needs of its customers. We place great value on close collaboration with our customers to jointly develop the optimal solution. Contact us so we can check the feasibility of your individual inspection requirements for a system.

Yes, we offer customers the opportunity to evaluate specific inspection tasks through feasibility studies. In these studies, your individual requirements are analyzed, and suitable solutions are developed. We also provide services such as development support, calibrations, laboratory services, and maintenance and repairs.

To take advantage of a feasibility study or other services, you can directly schedule a personal consultation appointment through the contact form on the website. Alternatively, the IMS team is also available by phone at +49 (0)2056 / 975-0 or by email at sales@ims-roentgensysteme.de.
By working with IMS experts, you can ensure that your specific inspection tasks are optimally solved.

We can welcome you to our laboratory and test center. Especially if you want to address important details during a feasibility study as part of a visit. Customer solutions are usually subject to confidentiality agreements due to their special design. Since we want to be a trustworthy partner for you, it is usually not possible to demonstrate ready-to-deliver digital inspection systems of other customers.

Yes, an X-ray system can be integrated into almost any production line. The following aspects should be considered:

  • Define requirements
    • What products should be examined?
    • What defects or foreign objects should be detected?
    • What throughput rates and production speeds need to be maintained?
  • Selection of the right system
    • Inline or offline inspection: Should the inspection take place during the production process or randomly?
    • 2D or 3D X-ray technology: For complex structures, CT inspection may be necessary.
    • Automatic error detection: AI-supported image processing for quick analysis.
  • Integration into the production line
    • Mechanical adjustment: Conveyor belts or robot systems can be integrated into the X-ray system.
    • Software connection: Interfaces to MES (Manufacturing Execution Systems) or ERP systems for data processing.
    • Sorting mechanisms: Defective products can be automatically sorted out.
  • Radiation protection and safety measures
    • All IMS products are designed and manufactured in Germany. IMS is certified according to ISO 9001, ISO 45001, and ISO 50001.
    • IMS X-ray systems are designed according to DIN 54113.
    • IMS X-ray systems GmbH complies with all legal regulations (e.g., radiation protection ordinance), and our IMS experts are happy to advise you on this.
    • In addition to extensive documentation, IMS X-ray systems GmbH customers receive training on the operation, regular maintenance, and, if necessary, calibration of the respective systems.
  • Provider support and service
    • For each XDIS or ODIS from IMS X-ray systems GmbH, customers receive support for integration.
    • Previous test runs and feasibility studies help to select the optimal system for your production.

Would you like to know more about a specific system or a particular production environment or clarify individual points mentioned earlier? The IMS experts are happy to assist you.

The time to design your X-ray inspection system varies significantly and depends on several factors. Depending on the industry, technical conditions, and specific inspection tasks, design and manufacturing times differ. After ordering, our inspection systems are generally ready for delivery at the earliest after three months and at the latest after one year.

Installing an X-ray system in your operation requires careful planning and compliance with legal requirements. Here are the key aspects to consider:

  • Legal and safety requirements
    • Radiation Protection Act and Ordinance: In Germany, X-ray systems must be registered with the responsible trade supervisory office or radiation protection authority according to the Radiation Protection Ordinance (StrlSchV). A permit may be required. We are happy to advise you.
    • Radiation Protection Officer (SSB): A designated SSB is typically required for the operation of an IMS X-ray system. An SSB is always required if it is not a type-approved full protection device.
    • Shielding and access restriction: The X-ray area may need to be secured with appropriate protective measures (lead shielding, safety locks, warning signs).
    • Regular radiation protection checks: X-ray systems must undergo expert inspections at least every 5 years to ensure they meet legal requirements.
  • Technical integration into the production line
    • Space requirements & environmental conditions: Is there enough space for the X-ray system and its shielding? Are dust, moisture, or temperature fluctuations to be considered?
    • Conveyor technology and material flow: Does the system need to be integrated into an existing conveyor belt? Are automatic sorting mechanisms for defective products necessary?
    • Interfaces to IT systems: Should the system be connected to an ERP or MES system for quality assurance? Is AI-supported image analysis desired?
    • Performance requirements: What materials and densities need to be penetrated? What resolution and detector technology are required?
  • Training and operational safety
    • Employee training: Operating personnel must be trained in the safe handling of the X-ray system. Annual radiation protection training is legally required.
    • Maintenance & service: IMS X-ray Systems offers regular maintenance to ensure functionality and compliance with safety standards.
  • Costs and economic efficiency
    • Acquisition costs vs. savings: Investing in an X-ray system can reduce waste and improve product quality. Long-term savings through early defect detection.
    • Test possibility before purchase: IMS X-ray Systems GmbH offers feasibility studies or test runs.

The cost of an X-ray inspection system varies significantly and depends on several factors:

  • Application area: Depending on the industry and specific inspection task, the requirements for the system differ.
  • Performance: Systems with higher X-ray energy and image resolution are generally more expensive than systems that operate with lower X-ray energy and image resolution.
  • Degree of automation: Fully automated systems with advanced features such as automatic defect detection or sorting increase the cost.

or specific price information and offers, please contact us. We will provide you with a customized offer based on your individual requirements.
Recently, we have also started offering financing options such as leasing through our partner bank.

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